Leadership and Temperament Congruence: Extending the Expectancy Model of Work Motivation

In this paper, the authors' integrate theory and research from disparate areas to develop a comprehensive expectancy model of work motivation. Within their model, the authors' consolidate the motivation, leadership, and personality literatures; effectively incorporate the self-concept and personalities of leaders and followers; provide an expanded view of the dynamics surrounding the concept of effort; specify dyadic temperament congruence as a critical source of goal-directed behavior, and offer a more realistic depiction of the implications of satisfaction and perceived equity.