Open International Markets Without Exclusion: Encompassing Domestic Institutions, Excludable Goods, And International Public Goods

This paper uses the concept of the 'Encompassing group' to set out a collective action theory based explanation for the maintenance of open international markets to add to existing explanations for stable international market regimes, hegemonic stability and tit-for-tat specific reciprocity. While groups representing small constituencies have incentives to seek inefficient redistributions of income while imposing costs on wider society, cohesive groups representing large cross-issue constituencies - encompassing groups - have incentives to accept costs in return for the provision of public goods.