Cyberspace is now a full-blown war zone as global governments race to assert their supremacy on a new shadowy frontline.

In this new war, battles are fought with bits instead of bullets, malware instead of militias, and botnets instead of bombs. And the list of casualties – which already includes some of the biggest names in government and technology – is growing by the day.

This report describes the unique characteristics of cyber attack campaigns waged by governments worldwide. We hope that, armed with this knowledge, security professionals can better identify their attackers and tailor their defenses accordingly.