1. Because it works. It?s been around and it?s been tested and it works. Can't explain that any other way. It attracts the 'serious' dedicated geek types because it?s complicated. Complicated (compared to Windows) is good, right?
2. Mac OSX is the very user friendly pretty version of Unix (BSD based). Used them and think they are kool. The advocates for them are a little. fanatical though.
3. The security for file permissions in OSX and Unix's is straight forward and complete. One of the strengths of Unix's is the stability of its underlying file system security. I have managed both and go back to my Unix servers knowing they are set up correctly.
4. Give me a prompt anytime. Many sysadmins and even the Windows ones will open a command window or terminal session, and do what needs to be done in half the time it takes with menus and boxes. Seeing as Unix for the most part is/was a console based OS for access, most admins will still use the command prompt to get things done. In addition, many needed things are not committed to a pretty interface ...yet.
Those are complicated questions and hard to answer in a forum like this. If you want details then I would suggest as the other posters did, use google. There are lots of Unix/Linux groups (and Mac) that would be happy to assist you (and convert you). Hope you do well on your paper.