Telephone Network Service

What are the cost in New Zealand or the States? for:
Lease lines
Value Added Network Facilities(VAN)
Packet Switch
Integrated Services Digital Network.

Options as distance increases?
Dail-up
Leased line
Direct connect
Packet Switch

Anyproblems in digital transmission for:
Source
Medium
Sink
Attentuation
Attentuation distortion
Noise

Any information on the physical layer for asynchronous and synchronous communication delays in transmission for:
Voltages
Timing
Interchange circuits
Reaction time
Propagation delay
Timing delays

Also any info on Application and operation of protocols and operation of link control protocols for:
Bit orientated protocol (BOP)
Character orientated protocol
Polling
Character based
Flow control
In-band

Last question
How is asynchronous and synchronous communication established with local anr remote computers? are there any problems in doing this?