There are numerous ways to make LEDs blink.
A basic flasher circuit would use a 555 timer as the clock source and a dual flip-flop or even a binary counter as the flash control. You then need a driver circuit to interface from the logic to the LED.
Of course these days, you can do it all with a PIC or an ASIC.
Still, I recommend that you start simple and understand the building blocks that make up the circuit.
I don't even know if it is still in print, but a book titled The TTL Cookbook by Don Lancaster is a great way to learn basic digital circuits.
Thinking about available logic chips, you might want to look for the CMOS Cookbook.
Keep in mind that most logic chips and CMOS chips in particular cannot drive an LED directly. You either need a high current buffer IC, or a transistor driver.
Chas