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CSCi16 LAB EXAM SUPPLEMENT

 

How to Use the Ping Command

Pinging is a command
which tells you if the connection between your computer and a particular domain
is working correctly.In Windows, select Start > Programs > Accessories
> Command Prompt. This will give you a window like the one below.Enter
the word ping, followed by a space, then the domain name.If the results
show a series of replies, the connection is working. The time shows you how
fast the connection is. If you see a “timed out” error instead of a
reply, there is a breakdown somewhere between your computer and the domain. In
this case the next step is to perform a traceroute.

How
to use Ping.

The PING command is a tool built into Windows that can give you useful
information on the nature of your Internet connection. PING allows you to see if
a particular IP address or a particular Domain name exists on the Internet and
is actively returning PING requests.

To run PING you’ll need to open a Command line.

Once you have your command line open type in Ping, followed by a space
and then the IP address or domain name that you want to test. e.g.

ping pop3.xtra.co.nz
ping 203.96.92.132

A normal reply will give you four lines of responses, plus four lines of
summary like this:

Reply from
203.96.92.132: bytes=32 time=100ms TTL=252
Reply from 203.96.92.132: bytes=32 time=100ms TTL=252
Reply from 203.96.92.132: bytes=32 time=100ms TTL=252
Reply from 203.96.92.132: bytes=32 time=100ms TTL=252

Ping statistics for 203.96.92.132:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 100ms, Maximum = 100ms, Average = 100ms

These results tell you that four
test packets were sent out of 32 bytes each in size and came back from
203.96.92.132 in a time of 100ms. The TTL figure stands for time to live and
defines how long your Ping requests bounce around before expiring.

Ping Options.

The Ping command can be used with the following switches. To add a switch to
the command just add it after a space. e,g,

Ping -t
Ping -t -a

Options:

-t Ping the specified host until
stopped. Stop with CTRL and C.
-a Resolve addresses to
hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests
to send.
-l size Send buffer size.
-f Set Don’t Fragment flag in
packet.
-i TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service.
-r count Record route for count
hops.
-s count Timestamp for count
hops.
-j host-list Loose source route
along host-list.
-k host-list Strict source route
along host-list.
-w timeout Timeout in
milliseconds to wait for each reply.

For more help with Ping type in ping /? and press Enter
from your command line.

Ping Errors

You might receive one or more of these errors when using the PING command:

Bad IP Address
Ping transmit failed, error code 65
Ping transmit failed, error code 10091
Ping transmit failed, error code 10043
No Route to Host
Destination Host Unreachable
Unable to initialize Windows Socket Interface, Error Code 6

 

How Ping was invented. The original PING command stood for “Packet Internet Groper”, and was a
package of diagnostic utilities used by DARPA personnel
to test the performance of the ARPANET.
However, the modern Internet Ping command refers to a program was written by Mike Muuss in December, 1983, which has
since become one of the most versatile and widely used diagnostic tools on the
Internet. Muuss named his program after the sonar sounds used for echo-location
by submarines and bats; just like in old movies about submarines, sonar probes
do sound something like a metallic “ping”.

How Ping works. The Internet Ping program works much like a sonar echo-location, sending a small packet
of information containing an ICMP
ECHO_REQUEST to a specified computer, which then sends an ECHO_REPLY packet in
return. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is set by convention to always indicate your
own computer. Therefore, a ping to that address will always ping yourself and
the delay should be very short. This provides the most basic test of your local
communications.

Using the ping command>>> If you are
having connectivity problems, you can use the ping command to check the
destination IP address you want to reach and record the results. The ping
command displays whether the destination responded and how long it took to
receive a reply. If there is an error in the delivery to the destination, the
ping command displays an error message.

You can
use the ping command to:

?	Ping your computer (by address, not host name) to determine that TCP/IP is functioning. (Pinging your computer does not verify that your network adapter is functioning.)
?	Ping the local router to determine whether the router is running.
?	Ping beyond your local router.

 

Ping

 

Using the PING command allows you to check latency and connectivity to a known website or IP address, provided the destination allows ICMP requests. Using PING requires you to be at the Windows COMMAND Prompt: Windows 98: Start – Run – command Windows 2000: Start – Run – cmd Our firewall does not allow pings and tracert directly to any domain or server. Advanced Users The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When troubleshooting, you can use ping to send an ICMP echo request to a target host name or IP address. Use ping whenever you need to verify that a host computer can connect to the TCP/IP network and network resources. You can also use ping to isolate network hardware problems and incompatible configurations. It is usually best to verify that a route exists between the local computer and a network host by first using the ping command and the IP address of the network host to which you want to connect. Try pinging the IP address of the target host to see if it responds, as follows: ping 216.115.108.245 You should perform the following steps when using ping: Ping the loopback address to verify that TCP/IP is installed and configured correctly on the local computer. ping 127.0.0.1 Ping the IP address of the local computer to verify that it was added to the network correctly. ping IP_address_of_local_host Ping the IP address of the default gateway to verify that the default gateway is functioning and that you can communicate with a local host on the local network. ping IP_address_of_default_gateway Ping the IP address of a remote host to verify that you can communicate through a router. ping IP_address_of_remote_host The ping command uses Windows Sockets?style name resolution to resolve a computer name to an IP address, so if pinging by address succeeds, but pinging by name fails, then the problem lies in address or name resolution, not network connectivity. If you cannot use ping successfully at any point, confirm that: The computer was restarted after TCP/IP was installed and configured. The IP address of the local computer is valid and appears correctly on the General tab of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box. IP routing is enabled and the link between routers is operational. You can use different options with the ping command to specify the size of packets to use, how many packets to send, whether to record the route used, what Time-to-Live (TTL) value to use, and whether to set the “don’t fragment” flag. You can type ping ?? to see these options. The following example illustrates how to send two pings, each 1,450 bytes in size, to IP address 172.16.48.10: C:\>ping -n 2 -l 1450 172.16.48.10 Pinging 172.16.48.10 with 1450 bytes of data: Reply from 172.16.48.10: bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32 Reply from 172.16.48.10: bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32 Ping statistics for 157.59.8.1: Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 2, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate roundtrip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 10ms, Average = 2ms By default, ping waits 1,000 ms (1 second) for each response to be returned before displaying the “Request Timed Out” message. If the remote system being pinged is across a high-delay link, such as a satellite link, responses may take longer to be returned. You can use the ?w (wait) option to specify a longer time-out.

 

To test a TCP/IP configuration by using the
ping command

1.	To quickly obtain the TCP/IP configuration of a computer, open Command Prompt, and then type ipconfig. From the display of the ipconfig command, ensure that the network adapter for the TCP/IP configuration you are testing is not in a Media disconnected state.
2.	At the command prompt, ping the loopback address by typing ping 127.0.0.1.
3.	Ping the IP address of the computer.
4.	Ping the IP address of the default gateway. If the ping command fails, verify that the default gateway IP address is correct and that the gateway (router) is operational.
5.	Ping the IP address of a remote host (a host that is on a different subnet). If the ping command fails, verify that the remote host IP address is correct, that the remote host is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this computer and the remote host are operational.
6.	Ping the IP address of the DNS server  If the ping command fails, verify that the DNS server IP address is correct, that the DNS server is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this computer and the DNS server are operational.

Note

?	To open command prompt, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, and then click Command Prompt.
?	If the ping command is not found or the command fails, you can use Event Viewer to check the System Log and look for problems reported by Setup or the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) service.
?	The ping command uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request and Echo Reply messages. Packet filtering policies on routers, firewalls, or other types of security gateways might prevent the forwarding of this traffic.
?	The ipconfig command is the command-line equivalent to the winipcfg command, which is available in Windows Millennium Edition, Windows 98, and Windows 95. Windows XP does not include a graphical equivalent to the winipcfg command; however, you can get the equivalent functionality for viewing and renewing an IP address by opening Network Connections, right-clicking a network connection, clicking Status, and then clicking the Support tab. Used without parameters, ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.
?	To run ipconfig, open the command prompt, and then type ipconfig.
?	To open Network Connections, click Start, click Control Panel, click Network and Internet Connections, and then click Network Connections.

 

 

*** NOTE: Windows 2000, Windows XP and above users do
not have winipcfg. Instead, use ipconfig.

 

A response of “Request timed out” means there
was no response to the ping attempt in the default time period of one second.
If the latency of the response is more than one second. Use the -w option on
the ping command to increase the time-out. For example, to allow responses
within five seconds, use ping -w 5000.

 

TCP/IP Basics, the PING command   >>> 

PING Introduction
Once you have allocated an IP address to your network card,
it is possible to test that there is some rudimentary communication between it
and you. To do this we can use the PING command.

The PING command sends some simple TCP/IP data to the device that you specify,
if the device is configured correctly, it will answer back. If you get an
answer back, then there is a good chance that you have configured your card
correctly. If there isn’t a response, then you can assume that there will be a
problem.

To use the PING command do the following:

PING ip_address

Where IP address is the IP address of the device you
wish to test.

For example:

If the IP address you specify is correct, you will see
something like this:

From this we can see that we have had a reply from the
device (220.0.0.180). Which means that we can conclude that there isn’t a
problem.

There are many PING parameters, and some implementations of PING perform differently to others. For
example, on some systems if you use the PING command, it will constantly send
packets of data to the specified device until you break out of the process.
With Windows 95 and NT, the PING command tries to communicate with the device four times, after which it
gives up.

To see how your PING command works, use the PING command on
its own, if you’re on a Unix system enter man ping. Assuming that you’re using
Windows 95 you will see the following:

From this information, we can see that if we use PING command with a -t switch, the PING process will continue until the
process is interrupted. For example, the command: PING 220.0.0.180 -t, will force Windows
95 to repeatedly attempt to communicate with the device 220.0.0.180.

Troubleshooting
If there are problems with devices that your attempting to
communicate, you will get error messages.

In the above example, we get four “Request timed
out.” error messages. This tells us that there is a problem with the
device we have tried to communicate with. There are four possible reasons for
this:

We did not specify the correct IP address:
Check that the IP address that we are specifying is the same as the IP address
of the network card.

The IP address we specified is not set in the device we wish
to communicate with:
Check that the device IP address is what it is supposed to be.

There is a problem with the cabling.
There is a possibility that there is a problem with the cabling, if there is
another device on the same segment of cabling that uses TCP/IP, see if you can
communicate with that device using the PING command. If you can, then it is a
card related problem, if you can’t, there is a good possibility that there is
something wrong with your cabling.

The device that we are attempting to communicate with is on
the other end of a router/gateway:
If the device is not physically attached to the segment of cabling that you are
using, check to see if it has a gateway IP address set in the card. If it
doesn’t then this could explain why it is not possible to communicate.

TCP/IP QUIZ

1)
Which of the following is a utility used to view current network settings for
all ip (nic) adapters on a device?

? 
winipcfg (correct answer) 

Feedback:
ipconfig/winipcfg — utilities used to view current network settings for all ip
(nic) adapters on a device; can be used to view the MAC address, IP address,
and gateway.

2) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 69

? 
TFTP (correct answer)

 
3) If you want to map the name “highbury” to the IP address
120.5.235.0, which command would you use?

? 
ip host highbury 120.5.235.0 (correct answer)

X) Novell’s suite of protocols IPX/SPX is the de facto standard for
internetwork communications and is the transport protocol for the Internet.

? 
False (correct answer)

Feedback:
TCP/IP is the de facto standard for internetwork communications and serves as
the transport protocol for the Internet, enabling millions of computers to
communicate globally.

 
5) What is the TCP/IP stack Internetwork Layer protocol that determines network
addresses when data link layer addresses are known?

? 
RARP (correct answer)

6) Select the 3 layers of the OSI model most closely affected by TCP/IP Choose
all that apply.

? 
Layer 7 (correct answer)
?  Layer 4 (correct answer)
?  Layer 3 (correct answer)

Feedback:
The layers most closely affected by TCP/IP are Layer 7 (application), Layer 4
(transport), and Layer 3 (network). Included in these layers are other types of
protocols with a variety of purposes/functions, all of which are related to the
transfer of information
 
 
7) 172.10.10.6/24 is another way of writing 172.10.10.6 255.255.255.0

? 
True (correct answer)

Feedback:
Both methods indicate that 8 bits have been borrowed from the Class B network
address

8) Port numbers are used to keep track of different conversations that cross
the network at the same time.

? 
True (correct answer)

Feedback:
Both TCP and UDP use port (or socket) numbers to pass information to the upper
layers. Port numbers are used to keep track of the different conversations that
cross the network at the same time.

9) What is the reliable connection-oriented TCP/IP stack Application Layer
protocol that deals with the transfer of files between systems?

? 
FTP (correct answer)

Feedback:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a reliable connection-oriented service that
uses TCP to transfer files between systems that support FTP. It supports
bi-directional binary file and ASCII file transfers.

10) What is the unreliable connectionless TCP/IP stack Application Layer
protocol that enables users to remotely connect to routers to enter
configuration commands?

? 
Telnet (correct answer)

Feedback:
Telnet is a standard terminal emulation protocol used by clients for the
purpose of making remote terminal connections to Telnet server services;
enables users to remotely connect to routers to enter configuration commands.

11) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 25

? 
SMTP (correct answer)

12) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 21

? 
FTP (correct answer)

13) What is the TCP/IP stack Internetwork Layer protocol that determines the
data link layer address for known IP addresses?

? 
ARP (correct answer)

Feedback: To determine a destination MAC address for a datagram, a table called
the ARP cache is checked. If the address is not in the table, ARP sends a
broadcast that will be received by every station on the network, looking for
the destination station.

1X) What is the TCP/IP stack Application Layer protocol that deals with Name
Management?

? 
DNS (correct answer)

Feedback:
Domain Naming System. System used in the Internet for translating names of
network nodes into addresses

15) What is the TCP/IP stack Application Layer protocol that deals with remote
file access across a network?

? 
NFS (correct answer)

Feedback:
Network File System. As commonly used, a distributed file system protocol suite
developed by Sun Microsystems that allows remote file access across a network.
In actuality, NFS is simply one protocol in the suite. NFS protocols include
NFS, RPC, XDR (External Data Representation), and others. These protocols are
part of a larger architecture that Sun refers to as ONC.

16) Which of the following is a utility used to troubleshoot NetBIOS name
resolution?

? 
NBTstat (correct answer)

Feedback:
NBTSTAT — a utility used to troubleshoot NetBIOS name resolution; used to view
and remove entries from the name cache.

17) What does the command “no ip domain-lookup” do?

? 
Turns off “Name to Address Translation” (NAT) on the router (correct
answer)

18)
What does the “trace” command do?

? 
Finds failures in the path from source to destination (correct answer)

19) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 53

? 
DNS (correct answer)

20)
What is the TCP/IP stack Internetwork Layer protocol that provides control and
messaging capabilities?

? 
ICMP (correct answer)

Feedback:
Internet Control Message Protocol. OSI Model Network layer Internet protocol
that reports errors and provides other information relevant to IP packet
processing.

21) Which of the following is a utility that provides information about TCP/IP
statistics?

? 
NETstat (correct answer)

Feedback:
NETSTAT — a utility that provides information about TCP/IP statistics; can be
used to provide information about the status of TCP/IP connections and
summaries of ICMP, TCP, and UDP.

22) What is the TCP/IP stack Internetwork Layer protocol that provides
connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams?

? 
IP (correct answer)

Feedback:
IP — provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams; is
not concerned with the content of the datagrams; looks for a way to move the
datagrams to their destination

23) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 161

? 
SNMP (correct answer)

2X) The TCP/IP suite of protocols was developed by DARPA

? 
True (correct answer)

Feedback:
The TCP/IP suite of protocols was developed as part of the research done by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was originally developed
to provide communication through DARPA.

25) What does the “telnet” command do?

? 
Verifies the application layer software between source and destination stations
(correct answer)

26) What information does the “show hosts” command display?

? 
displays a cached list of host names and address (correct answer)

27) TCP/IP can only be used with LANs

? 
False (correct answer)

Feedback:
TCP/IP can be used with both LANs and WANs, it allows communication among a
variety of interconnected networks and is the de facto standard for the
Internet

28) What does the command “ip domain-lookup” do?

? 
Turns on “Name to Address Translation” (NAT) on the router (correct
answer)

29) Which of the following is a Layer 4 protocol that delivers traffic but
provides no checking and so has the advantage of speed?

? 
UDP (correct answer)

Feedback:
UDP — connectionless and unreliable; although responsible for transmitting
messages, no software checking for segment delivery is provided at this layer.
The advantage that UDP provides is speed. Since UDP provides no
acknowledgments, less traffic is sent across the network, making the transfer
faster.

30)
What is the TCP/IP stack Application Layer protocol that provides a means to
monitor and control network devices?

? 
SNMP (correct answer)

Feedback: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol that provides
a means to monitor and control network devices, and to manage configurations,
statistics collection, performance and security.

 
31) How many bits are there in an IP address?

? 
32 (correct answer)

 
32) Which of the following is a diagnostic utility used to determine whether a
computer is properly connected to devices/Internet?

? 
PING (correct answer)

Feedback:
PING (Packet Internet Groper) is a diagnostic utility used to determine whether
a computer is properly connected to devices/Internet.

 
33) Any traffic bound for a(n)  FTPTelnetSMTPDNSTFTPSNMP application uses
the standard port number 23

? 
Telnet (correct answer)

 
3X) Another name for a port number is “socket” number

? 
True (correct answer)

35) TCP
sequence and acknowledgment numbers provide sequencing of segments with a
forward reference acknowledgment; number datagrams before transmission; and
reassemble the segments into a complete message?

? 
True (correct answer)

36) The
TCP/IP protocol suite is important in networking because: Choose all that
apply.

? 
TCP/IP is a universally available protocol that you likely will use at work
(correct answer)
?  TCP/IP is a useful reference for understanding other protocols because
it includes elements that are representative of other protocols. (correct
answer)
?  TCP/IP is important because the router uses it as a configuration tool.
(correct answer)

Feedback:
The function of the TCP/IP protocol stack, or suite, is the transfer of
information from one network device to another. In doing so, it closely maps
the OSI reference model in the lower layers, and supports all standard physical
and data link protocols

 
37) Which of the following is a Layer 4 protocol that provides flow control and
sequencing?

? 
TCP (correct answer)

Feedback:
TCP — a connection-oriented, reliable protocol; provides flow control by
providing sliding windows, and reliability by providing sequence numbers and
acknowledgments.

 
38) What is the unreliable connectionless TCP/IP stack Application Layer
protocol that deals with the transfer of files between systems?

? 
TFTP (correct answer)

Feedback:
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) is a connectionless unreliable service
that uses UDP to transfer files between systems that support the TFTP. It is
useful in some LANs because it operates faster than FTP in a stable environment

 
39) If a source is using a window size that is too large for the destination
and does not receive an acknowledgement from the destination it will resend its
data?

? 
True (correct answer)

 
X0) How many bytes are there in an IP address?

? 
4 (correct answer)

 
X1) How many octets are there in an IP address?

? 
4 (correct answer)

X2)
What is the TCP/IP stack Application Layer protocol that governs the
transmission of e-mail over computer networks?

? 
SMTP (correct answer)

Feedback:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) governs the transmission of e-mail over
computer networks. It does not provide support for transmission of data other
than plain text.

 
X3) Which of the following is a programme that traces the path a packet takes
to a destination?

? 
Trace (correct answer)

Feedback:
Traceroute traces the path a packet takes to a destination, and is used to
debug routing problems

Quiz: TCP/IP

 

 

– This week’s quiz has a slightly different format. Your goal will be to match the correct term in the left-hand column with its description in the right-hand column. How to take the quiz: – After reading the question, click on the answer that you think is correct to go to the whatis.com definition. If the answer you ve chosen is correct, you will see the question text somewhere in the defintion. OR – After reading the question, write down the letter of your answer choice on scrap paper. Check your answers by using the answer key at the end of the quiz. .a) UDP .e) Internet Protocol .f) Winsock .h) packet .i) stack .l) FTP .n) firewall .o) MBone  .t) DHCP  .w) Transport layer DEFINE LATER??.. j) Transmission Control Protocol k) ping p) dot address q) Border Gateway Protocol r) domain name system s) Server Message Block Protocol v) subnet 1._____ This is the telecommunication protocol that all computers must use to be part of the Internet. 2. _____This adaptation of the Berkeley UNIX sockets interface (and its supporting program) handles input/output requests for Internet applications that use Windows. 3._____ This works closely with a router program to examine each network packet and determine whether it should be forwarded toward its destination. 4._____ This is one of two protocols that let a network administrator supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point. It automatically sends a new IP address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network. 5. _____This OSI layer divides a file into segments that are an efficient size for routing. 6. _____This is an application protocol that uses the Internet’s TCP/IP protocols to transfer Web page files to a server. It’s also used to download programs and other files from a server to your computer. 7._____ Unlike TCP, this alternative method of data exchange does not provide the service of dividing a message into packets and reassembling it at the other end, but instead relies on the application program to make sure that the entire message has arrived and is in the right order. 8._____ This was set up in 1994 to form a network within the Internet that could use TCP/IP to transmit multicasts of audio and video data in much the same way that radio and TV programs are broadcast over airwave. 9._____ This term is sometimes used to describe the TCP/IP software. 10._____ Each one of these is separately numbered, includes the Internet address of its destination, and travels by different routes through the Internet. ANSWER KEY: 1E; 2F; 3N; 4T; 5W; 6L; 7A; 8O; 9I; 10H

 

 

1. How should you use the Ping utility to determine
whether the NIC in your local computer is functioning properly? (Select all choices
that are correct.)

a. You should ping the local loopback address.

b. You should ping your local Internet Protocol (IP) address.

c. You should ping a node on your network.

d. You should ping a node on a remote network.

 

X. Which protocol allows hosts on a TCP/IP network to communicate using
either parallel or serial connections? (Select the best choice.)

a. DHCP

b. PPP

c. SLIP

d. TCP

Answers:

1) Only choices b, c and d are correct. You should use
the Ping utility to ping the IP address of your local
computer, a node on your network or a node on a remote network to determine
whether the computer’s NIC is functioning properly. If these troubleshooting
steps do not work, then you can try either reinstalling TCP/IP or installing a
new NIC in the computer. If you use the Ping utility to
ping the local loopback address of 127.0.0.1, then you can determine whether
the TCP/IP stack is properly configured on the local computer.

X) Choice b is correct. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) allows hosts to
communicate by using TCP/IP over serial or parallel links. PPP is easy to
configure because, when a PPP client connects to a router, the router uses the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to assign the client computer an
Internet Protocol (IP) address, a subnet mask and a default gateway. PPP is
more processor-intensive than its predecessor, Serial Line Internet Protocol
(SLIP). As the name suggests, SLIP is capable of serial communications only.
TCP/IP communications can be either connection-oriented or connectionless.
Connection-oriented communications, which guarantee packet delivery, are
performed by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
provides connectionless communications, which are faster but are not guaranteed
to transmit successfully.

MISC
TERMS

A B TCP/IP enables communication among any set of interconnected networks and is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communication The function of the TCP/IP protocol stack, or suite, is the transfer of information from one network device to another DNS (Domain Name System) is a system used in the Internet for translating names of domains and their publicly advertised network nodes into addresses HOSTS a file created by network administrators and maintained on servers. They are used to provide static mapping between IP addresses and computer names SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) governs the transmission of e-mail over computer networks. It does not provide support for transmission of data other than plain text SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) a protocol that provides a means to monitor and control network devices, and to manage configurations, statistics collection, performance and security FTP (File Transfer Protocol) a reliable connection-oriented service that uses TCP to transfer files between systems that support FTP. It supports bi-directional binary file and ASCII file transfers TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) a connectionless unreliable service that uses UDP to transfer files between systems HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the Internet standard that supports the exchange of information on the World Wide Web and supports many different file types, including text, graphic, sound, and video Telnet a standard terminal emulation protocol used by clients for the purpose of making remote terminal connections PING (Packet Internet Groper) a diagnostic utility used to determine whether a computer is properly connected to devices/Internet. Traceroute traces the path a packet takes to a destination, and is used to debug routing problems Windows-based protocol: NETSTAT a utility that provides information about TCP/IP statistics; can be used to provide information about the status of TCP/IP connections and summaries of ICMP, TCP, and UDP. Windows-based protocol: ipconfig/winipcfg utilities used to view current network settings for all ip (nic) adapters on a device; can be used to view the MAC address, IP address, and gateway The two transport layer protocols TCP and UDP TCP a connection-oriented, reliable protocol; provides flow control by providing sliding windows, and reliability by providing sequence numbers and acknowledgments The advantage of TCP it provides guaranteed delivery of the segments UDP connectionless and unreliable; although responsible for transmitting messages, no software checking for segment delivery is provided at this layer The advantage of UDP speed Protocols that use UDP TFTP, SNMP, DNS, NFS Port numbers used to keep track of the different conversations that cross the network at the same time FTP port number 21 Telnet port number 23 DNS port number 53 Port numbers below 255 are used for public applications Port numbers above 1023 are unregulated TCP/IP Internet layer protocols IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP IP provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams ICMP provides control and messaging capabilities ARP determines the data link layer address for known IP addresses RARP determines network addresses when data link layer addresses are known ICMP messages are carried in IP datagrams and are used to send error and control messages If a router receives a packet that it is unable to deliver to its final destination, the router sends an ICMP unreachable message to the source If the destination address is not in the ARP table, ARP sends a broadcast that will be received by every station on the network, looking for the destination station. The transport layer performs two functions: Flow control, which is provided by sliding windows and reliability, which is provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments RARP relies on the presence of a RARP server with a table entry or other means to respond to RARP requests

TCP/IP configuration utilities Ipconfig, winipcfg, config, and ifconfig TCP/IP Route-tracing utilities: traceroute, tracert, and iptrace TCP/IP utility Packet Internet groper ping TCP/IP utility Address Resolution Protocol ARP TCP/IP utility Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP Ping can be used with either the hostname or the IP address to test IP connectivity Ping works by sending an ICMP echo request to the destination computer. If a computer receives an ICMP echo request or pint it sends back an ICMP echo reply message. It is possible to use Ping to find the IP address of a host when the name is known. MAC addresses are recognized in the local network ARP is the means by which networked computers map Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to physical hardware (MAC) addresses ARP builds and maintains a table called the ARP cache, which contains mappings of IP address to MAC address. ARP provides the protocol rules for making the IP – MAC correlation and providing address conversion in both directions. The ARP command arp -a displays the cache The ARP command arp -s adds a permanent IP to MAC mapping The ARP command arp -d deletes an entry form the ARP cache Machines that do not know their own IP addresses use Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). RARP provides the rules by which the physical machine in a LAN can request to learn its IP address from a gateway server Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table or cache ARP maps IP-to-MAC addresses RARP maps maps MAC-to-IP addresses returns the IP address for a given hostname or find the host name for a specified IP address NSLOOKUP

Transport >>> In the TCP/IP model this layer would deal with
reliability, flow control, and error correction.

 TCP/IP >>> Common name for
the suite of protocols developed by the U.S. DoD in the 1970s to support the
construction of worldwide internetworks. TCP and IP are the two best-known
protocols in the suite

Protocols and
Standards: Review Quiz Answers

1.) SNMP, SMTP, FTP,
TELNET, HTTP, NCP, SMB, and Appletalk are protocols that operate at the OSI Application layer.

2.) The Presentation layer encodes and converts user
information into binary data, also provides protocol conversion, encryption,
and compression.

3.) The Session layer opens manages, and closes
conversations between two computers. It performs name recognition and the
functions such as security, needed to allow two applications to comminicate
over the network, also provides error handling.

4.) The Network layer routes data packets across network
segments. Translates logical addresses and names into physical addresses.

5.) IP is the standard for data packet delivery over
the Internet.

6.) UDP runs on top of IP and is used as an
alternative to TCP.

7.) SMTP is used to tranfer mail messages between two
remote computers. It is used on the Internet, and is part of the TCP/IP protocol
stack.

9.) The first digit of a
Class C address will be a number between
192 and 223, the network ID start bit is 110 and their default subnet mask is
255. 255. 255.0

10.) Most e-mail
applications use the POP protocol,
although some use the newer IMAP.

11.) Telnet is short for Telecommunication Network, a
virtual terminal protocol allowing a user logged on to one TCP/IP host to
access other hosts on the network.

12.) Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol is a server
service. When a DHCP server is configured on a network , clients that support
DHCP can request TCP/IP configuration
information from the server.

13.) Domain Name System, enables short alphabetical
names to be assigned to IP addresses to describe where a computer is located.

14.) The first digit of a
Class B address will be a number between
128 and 191, the network ID start bit is 10 and the default subnet mask is 255.
255.0.0

15.) If the routers that
connect subnets are RFC 1542 compliant routers, the DHCP/BOOTP relay agent can provide IP addresses to
clients in multiple subnets.

16.) While DNS resolves host names to IP addresses, WINS
resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses.

17.) SNMP uses small utility programs called agents to
monitor behavior and traffic on the network, in order to gather statistical
data.

18.) The first digit of a
Class A addresses will be a number
between 1 and 126, the network ID start bit is 0 and default subnet mask is
255.0.0.0

19.) A gateway is a device used to connect networks using
different protocols.

20.) A subnet mask is used to mask a portion of the IP
address, so that TCP/IP can tell the difference between the network ID and the
host ID.

21.) WAN technologies use
either circuit switching or <

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