Man that sounds nasty. But just to better organize things lets make a list of what DOES work vs. what doesnt.
The system boots so we know:
RAM
HDD
MOBO
VIDEO
FLOPPY all work. Atleast for basics.
So what doesnt work?
CD
NETWORK
something in BIOS (btw i checked that too, no info.. wierd)
CHKDSK
The system WILL get to the safemode w/ cmd. So we know the OS itself is PROBABLY in tact. So the problem is somewhere between powerup and OS init. I would first try to flash your cmos/bios. It wouldnt hurt your hdd and if nothing else you get updated firmware. You can probably find more info on your error code once you get to the cmos/bios manufacturer website.
If that doesnt work try running some memtests. Normally a system wont start w/o memory installed but you may have a fried board that still has some form of conductor between the pins (ie a short on a toasted mem segment). This would also explain why the system will load but not everything and its really slow when it does load.
Next lets look at the periphery that isnt working:
While its REALLY unlikely to be causing a problem you may want to remove all the drives from the computer and if there is a manual switch for the network adapter turn it off. There could be some sort of feedback loop or something in there.
As far as CHKDSK goes im not really sure what to make of that. Could be any number of things with what you are describing. Since you are already inside the OS im thinking the HDD is ok. But for some reason the cmd prompt isnt seeing it accuratly enough to read it (kinda like a blind guy not being able to touch his fingertips together, he know hes has 2 fingers, but there is no spacial relation between em).
Finally if you have the means, remove the HDD and replace it with another one. You never know there could be a problem in there.
Hope this help!