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Your question may need to be refined. If you mean accessing the web directly from the handset through an operator which furnishes a GSM network, you will probably be using WAP. The Wireless Application protocol uses the Wireless Markup Language in order to access information from specific WML "decks" and "cards". See the < http://www.wapforum.com/ > for more information.

When it comes to transmission in the radio spectrum for GSM 900 (which is used in Europe) you can access < http://www.handytel.com/technology/gsm04.htm > for information. The technology is the same for the other spectras 1800 and 1900 mhz (GSM uses TimeDivisionMultipleAccess). The allocation of slots within the frames can be manipulated causing i.e. double effect with an extended radio frequency range as a result.

A WAP phone can more easily be seen as a laptop with a modem built-in. Basically the cellphone calls the number of a telco's WAP gateway. Everything after that is similiar to how a PC-modem configuration access the Internet. They just access different sites. One for HTML and the other WML sites.
The transmission on the cellphone is similar to those used when you make a phone call. The whole process is the same. The only difference is that for one, the final product is voice and the other is data.
Hope this is what you wanted to know.

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